Population Genomics Analysis of Endangered and endemic Plant Species: A Tool for Conservation and Evolutionary Insights.

Marwen Amari ¹, Alberto Biscontin ², Michele Morgante ²

UNIPA/NBFC/UNIUD ¹, UNIUD ²

Population genomics offers an unprecedented opportunity to understand the evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of endangered plant species, which are often threatened by habitat loss, climate change, and anthropogenic pressures. By leveraging high-throughput sequencing technologies and advanced computational tools, population genomics provides detailed insights into genetic variability, population structure, adaptive potential, and evolutionary history. This study focuses on applying population genomics to endangered plant species, aiming to uncover genetic patterns that inform conservation strategies and enhance our understanding of their evolutionary trajectories. Using whole-genome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping, we analyzed several populations of a critically endangered plant species to assess genetic diversity, population differentiation, and gene flow. Our study underscores the power of population genomics in addressing key questions in conservation biology, such as identifying units for conservation management and understanding the role of adaptive variation in species resilience. By integrating genomic data with ecological and environmental information, we provide a holistic framework for preserving genetic diversity and enhancing the adaptive capacity of endangered plant species. Our findings also highlight areas of genetic vulnerability. Low levels of genetic diversity were detected in some populations, likely due to habitat fragmentation and population bottlenecks. This erosion of genetic variation underscores the urgency for conservation interventions. Regions with high genetic diversity or unique alleles were identified as priority conservation zones, serving as reservoirs of genetic resources. Genome-environment association analyses revealed loci under selection, linked to traits such as flood tolerance, drought resistance, and pest resilience—key adaptations for survival in dynamic riparian habitats. These adaptive traits provide valuable insights for habitat restoration and assisted migration initiatives aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change. In conclusion, population genomics is a transformative approach for conserving endangered plant species, providing actionable insights into their genetic diversity, evolutionary history, and adaptive potential. This approach not only enhances our understanding of plant biodiversity but also equips us with the tools to address the challenges posed by a rapidly changing environment.

Main author career stage: PhD student

Contribution type: Poster

First choice session: 1. Systematics, phylogenetics, biogeography and evolution

Second choice session: 3. Biodiversity and global change